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This usage of refined stone axes increased greatly in the Neolithic, but were originally used in the preceding Mesolithic in some locations such as Ireland. Farming fed larger populations, and the transition to sedentism enabled all at once raising more kids, as infants no longer required to be brought, as nomadic ones must.

With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in labor specialization. What activated the progression from early Neolithic villages to the very first cities, such as Uruk, and the very first civilizations, such as Sumer, is not particularly understood; however, the emergence of significantly hierarchical social structures and specialized labor, of trade and war among adjacent cultures, and the requirement for collective action to conquer environmental difficulties such as watering, are all thought to have contributed.

The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wooden tools were rapidly obvious to early people, and native copper was probably utilized from near the start of Neolithic times (about 10 ka). Native copper does not naturally take place in large amounts, however copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal quickly when burned in wood or charcoal fires.

The very first usages of iron alloys such as steel dates to around 1800 BCE. Energy and transport The wheel was invented circa 4000 BCE. On  top gadgets all , humans were learning to harness other types of energy. The earliest known use of wind power is the cruising ship; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat dating to the 8th-millennium BCE.

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The ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia utilized an intricate system of canals and levees to divert water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for irrigation. According to archaeologists, the wheel was created around 4000 BCE most likely independently and almost all at once in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe.

The oldest artifacts with drawings illustrating wheeled carts date from about 3500 BCE; however, the wheel might have been in use for centuries prior to these drawings were made. More just recently, the oldest-known wood wheel worldwide was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia. The invention of the wheel reinvented trade and war.